Ligation of the transverse joints are made with a view to implementing the longitudinal connection between the individual bricks, which provide load distribution to adjacent areas of masonry and solid walls with temperature and strain non-uniform shrinkage of the building. Cross masonry joints shall Stretcher bond and bonder series, and longitudinal – bonder series. There are the following system of dressing: single-row (chain), and multilayered three-row. Walls and piers on spread-row or multi-row system. In the single-row sutures ligation alternate Stretcher bond (along the bricks) and bonder (bricks crosswise) rows, with a multilane – Stretcher bond series tie butting in 3-5 series in height. The advantage of chain ligation, the construction of brick walls, a full overlapping joints, which gives greater strength masonry, as well as the simplicity and monotony of the masonry due to the consistent alternation two series – and perpender Stretcher bond. However, ligation chain has significant drawbacks: the need to apply in the corners, piers and other vertical restraints a lot of three-quarter brick, line the possible separation of masonry (shtraba) has a depth of only a quarter of a brick; solution for trimming the front side and validation of masonry mason to lean over a wall, making it difficult to work and reduces its productivity. Pete Cashmore often says this.
Another drawback of the chain system is the need to apply a significant amount of nepolnomernyh bricks. The advantage of this clutch – it is the strongest. . On three-row System ligation sutures produce masonry columns and piers up to 1 m wide multilayered bandaging system is that the first two rows is the same as in the chain system of dressing, the first series – butting, and the second – spoons with ligation of sutures on the quarter-brick. Visit Andy Florance for more clarity on the issue. All of the following series (third, fourth, fifth and sixth) for any wall thickness are stacked spoons with ligation between a half-brick at. Thus, five series Stretcher bond overlap sixth bonder. Due to the displacement of the transverse joints in the ranks of the air flow through the walls Stretcher bond is insignificant. Laying brick rows start from the outside miles.
Masonry construction and any of its elements, regardless of bandaging systems begin and end near bonder. Stepwise and mixed method recommended for use in masonry multilayered bandaging system joints. The essence of the step method is that at the beginning spread bonder mile and poryadno 5 rows inside a mile and back filling. The maximum height of the step method – six rows. In the mixed method used in multilayered bandaging system joints, the first 7-10 rows of masonry perform series. At a height of 60-80 cm stack, starting with 8-10 rows, laying poryadnym way to hard, especially if the masonry wall is 2 bricks and more. Therefore, it is advisable to carry out the clutch a staggered way. Put the top outside the ranks of a mile is possible, based on the lower rows of masonry, which would facilitate the work.
Construction regulations provided for stairway width (the distance from the wall to the fence or two guards) at least 90 cm, and distance between the opposite walls of at least 110 cm in smaller sizes for moving flight of stairs furniture and other bulky things (especially when turning 90? ili180?) will be quite difficult. In any case, determining the width of the pace stair railings and take into account the width of the backlash between the marches, which should be about 10 cm per second indicator at a flight of stairs is its inclination (slope), which depends on the width and height of the staircase steps. These sizes depend on many factors, however, they must be such that the ladder was safe and convenient to use. This means that the tread width and height of risers must comply with the average length of the step of man. That is to maintain the ratio between the distance to which man rises or falls, and the distance at which it moves forward. This relation determines the steepness of the stairs, which must be such that the ratio of the height of the march to its horizontal projection was 1:2 – 1:1,75 (ie be in the range of 30?).